Motivation & Emotions

Biological Basis of Hunger/ Motivation

•    Hunger does NOT come from out stomach

•    It comes from our brain= Hypothalamus

•    Hunger is both physiological and psychological

Hypothalamus

•    Lateral hypothalamus: when stimulated, it makes you hungry
•    Ventromedial hypothalamus: when stimulated it makes you feel full

Eating Disorders

• Bulimia Nervosa- characterized by binging (eat large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food)

Anorexia Nervosa

•   Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight
•   See themselves as fat
•  Vast majority of women

Achievement Motivation

·         Intrinsic Motivators: rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction

·         Extrinsic motivators: reward that we get accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc.), work great in the short run.

Theory x

•        Managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment
•     Think employees are extrinsically motivated
•     Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs

Theory y

•      Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work that should encourage this internal motivate
•      Interested in Maslow’s higher needs

When motives conflict

•      Approach- approach conflict- we must choose two desirable or attractive goals
•       Avoidance- Avoidance conflict- making a decision between a equally desirable choices
•      Approach- avoidance: When there is one goal or event that has both positive and negative effects
•     Multiple - approach avoidance conflict: refers to when an individual frequently faced with having to choose between two or more goals each of which have an attractive and repulsive aspect

Emotions:

James- Lange Theory of Emotion 

•      Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological response to emotion- arousing stimuli
•     We feel emotion because of a biological change caused by stress
•     The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling

Cannon- Bard Theory of Emotion

·         Emotion – arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:

·   Physiological response

·   Subjective experience of emotion

Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion

·         To experience emotion, one must:

·         Be physically aroused

·         Cognitively label the arousal

Lie Detectors

·         Polygraph

·         Machine commonly used to attempt to detect lies

·         Measures several of the physiological response accompanying emotion

·                     Perspiration

·                     Cardiovascular

·                     Breathing changes

Catharsis

·         “Releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

·         Emotional release

Feel -good, Do- good phenomenon

·         People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Adaptation -Level Phenomenon

·         Tendency to form judgments relative to “neutral” level

Relative Deprivation

·         Perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself